Medium format refers to a film frame size or digital sensor larger than 35mm (full-frame), but smaller than large format (4×5 inches). In film photography, this format typically uses 120 or 220 roll film, producing frames like 6×4.5cm, 6x6cm, 6x7cm, or 6x9cm. In digital photography, these sensors measure approximately 44x33mm or larger, offering significantly more resolution and dynamic range than full-frame cameras.
What is medium format?
Medium format sits between 35mm and large format in terms of sensor or film size. The larger imaging area captures more light and detail, resulting in images with exceptional sharpness, smoother tonal gradations, and better performance in low-light conditions. This makes it the preferred choice for commercial, fashion, and fine art photography.
Advantages of medium format
The primary advantage is image quality. The larger sensor captures more detail, which is crucial when images need to be printed at large sizes or heavily cropped. Professional photographers working in advertising, fashion, and architecture often require this level of detail for their clients.
These cameras also produce images with a distinctive look – shallow depth of field, smooth bokeh, and rich color reproduction. The larger pixels on the sensor capture more light, resulting in better dynamic range and lower noise at high ISO settings.
Popular cameras in this category
Today’s digital market in this segment is dominated by brands like Hasselblad, Fujifilm, and Phase One. The Fujifilm GFX series has made this format more accessible with cameras like the GFX 50S II and GFX 100S. Hasselblad offers the X2D and the modular H6D system, while Phase One produces the highest-end systems used in commercial studios.
| Camera | Sensor Size | Resolution |
|---|---|---|
| Fujifilm GFX 100S | 43.8 x 32.9mm | 102 MP |
| Hasselblad X2D 100C | 43.8 x 32.9mm | 100 MP |
| Phase One XF IQ4 | 53.4 x 40.0mm | 150 MP |
| Fujifilm GFX 50S II | 43.8 x 32.9mm | 51 MP |
Medium format vs full-frame
The main difference lies in sensor size. A typical medium format sensor is about 70% larger than a full-frame sensor (36x24mm). This translates to higher resolution potential, better low-light performance, and that characteristic look with smoother gradients and transitions.
However, these systems come with trade-offs: higher cost, larger and heavier bodies, fewer lens options, and generally slower autofocus compared to modern full-frame mirrorless cameras. For many photographers, full-frame remains the practical choice, while the larger format serves those who prioritize absolute image quality.
Who uses medium format?
This format is popular among commercial and fashion photographers who need maximum detail for large prints and billboard advertising. Landscape photographers appreciate the resolution for detailed scenery, while portrait photographers value the smooth skin tones and pleasing bokeh that larger sensors provide.
Studio product photography and architectural photography also benefit from the detail and dynamic range. When every pixel counts and clients demand the highest quality, medium format delivers results that justify its premium price.
History
This format has a rich history dating back to the early 20th century. Cameras like the Hasselblad 500C, introduced in 1957, became legendary tools used by professional photographers and even NASA astronauts during the Apollo missions. The 6x6cm square format was particularly popular, offering flexibility in cropping for both portrait and landscape orientations.
The transition to digital began in the late 1990s with digital backs for existing film cameras. Today, purpose-built digital cameras in this category offer modern features like in-body stabilization, fast autofocus, and 4K video recording.
Frequently Asked Questions
Learn more about medium format on Wikipedia.
